UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Global Environment Facility
PROJECT DOCUMENT
COUNTRIES:
Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire and Zambia
PROJECT TITLE:
Pollution Control and Other Measures to Protect
Biodiversity of Lake Tanganyika
PROJECT REFERENCE:
RAF/192/G32
DURATION:
Five years
ACC/UNDP SECTOR:
Environment
SUBSECTOR:
Biodiversity/lnternational Waters
ESTIMATED STARTING DATE:
1 January 1994
EXECUTING AGENCY:
OPS
UNDP/GEF INPUT:
GEF funds US$ 10 million
Brief Description
Lake Tanganyika is one of the worlds great lakes and it has an important role in the
economies of Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire and Zambia. It possesses perhaps the highest
biodiversity of any lake on earth. The lake is very vulnerable to pollution because of its
natural characteristics, and there are presently few efforts to conserve its biodiversity. The
most immediate threats to the lake environment and biota a are pollution from excess loads
of sediment and nutrients caused by erosion in the watershed, industrial and urban pollution
including boat discharges, and intensive fishing with inappropriate methods. These
problems and their effects are increasing, and others such as oil exploration and
transportation on the lake cause concern. Immediate attention is required to assess and
control pollution and protect biodiversity.
The 5-year project aims to improve understanding of the ecosystem function and effect of
stresses on the lake system; to take action on all other measures necessary to maintain the
health and biodiversity of the ecosystem; and to co-ordinate the efforts of the four countries
to control pollution and to prevent the loss of the exceptional diversity of Lake Tanganyika.
This will be done by establishing a regional framework for co-operation, including
endeavours to harmonise legislation; investigating pollution including sources, effects and
control; and investigating biodiversity and conservation measures leading to the setting up
of protected areas as underwater parks. Activities will closely involve government
environmental ministries and agencies, and sectoral departments; a major objective is to
strengthen national capabilities and community participation. The project will be supported
by international and local staff and contractors. NGOs will be involved particularly through
community education and conservation, and the private sector through promotion of
tourism and the control of industrial pollution. Provision will be made to continue the work
of the project after its life by a regionally co-operating organisation.
OUTLINE
A. CONTEXT
1
1 Description of Sector
1
2 Sectoral Strategies
2
3 Prior and Ongoing Assistance in the Sector
2
4 Institutional Framework for the Sub-sectors
4
B. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION I
6
1 Present Situation, and Problems to be Addressed
6
2. Situation Expected at End of Project
8
3 Target Beneficiaries
11
4 Project Strategy and Implementation Arrangements
11
5 Reasons for Assistance from GEF
15
6 Special Considerations
16
7 Co-ordination Arrangements
18
8 Counterpart Support
21
C. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
22
D. IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES
22
E. INPUTS
31
F. RISKS
32
G. PRIOR OBLIGATIONS AND PREREQUISITES
33
H. PROJECT REVIEWS, REPORTING AND EVALUATION
33
I. LEGAL CONTEXT
33
J. BUDGETS
34
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: WORK PLAN
37
ANNEX V la): EQUIPMENT
45
ANNEX V (b): TECHNICAL PROGRAMME SUBCONTRACT, Table 1
46
ANNEX V Ib): TECHNICAL PROGRAMME SUBCONTRACT, Table 2
47
ANNEX Vl: JOB DESCRIPTIONS
48
ANNEX Vll: FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STAFF
51
ANNEX Vl11: GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION IN KIND
55
CHARTS
Activity Chart
10
Organogram
17
Operation and Management Bar Chart
20
A. CONTEXT -
A.1 Description of Sector
Lake Tanganyika is one of the Great Lakes of the world, and the largest water reservoir in
Africa (18.800 km3) The lake is shared by four countries, Zaire (45%), Tanzania (41%),
Burundi (8%) and Zambia (6%). It is a vital water resource and plays a pivotal role in the
economic activity of the region. Fish from the lake (85,000 tons/year) is a primary protein
source, and there is a valuable ornamental fish export industry. The lake provides a
transportation link for the countries around it which will be increasingly vitally important in
their development.
Biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika is truly remarkable, and may be greater than in any other
lake on earth. Over 1,300 species of fish, invertebrates and plants have been recorded,
some 500 of which do not occur anywhere else. Many of these have no close relatives
outside the lake basin, and are the result of a very long evolutionary history. The rich
diversity of this ecosystem is of world-wide interest and importance.
Serious environmental threats currently face the lake. The most immediate problems
concern pollution from excessive amounts of suspended sediment entering the lake as a
result of deforestation and agricultural practices. Furthermore, chemical pollution is
occurring increasingly from urban and industrial sources. Both of these general kinds of
pollution also alter the nutrient balance in the lake causing eutrophication. Intensive oil
exploration in the past decade is believed to have indicated petroleum resources in the
basin and the lake sediment. This raises the possibility of oil spills in the future, and leaks
and losses of oil incidental to lake transportation have already occurred. Another serious
problem is the long-term decline in the fish catch in areas where improved mechanised
methods of fishing have been developed. The diversity of these fishery stocks has already
diminished. Inshore, the uniquely diverse assemblages of cichlid fishes are being affected
by destructive fishing practices.
Unfortunately, the lake is singularly vulnerable to pollution. It is virtually a closed basin with
only one small river outlet, and almost all water loss is by evaporation. As a result, its
flushing time, which is related to the renewal of water in the lake, is extremely long (as
much as 7,000 years). This flushing time is longer than in any other great lake. Moreover,
most of the deep water is already naturally permanently deoxynenated, in a proportion
greater than in any other great lake. As this proportion is further decreased by changes that
may arise from exploitation and pollution, so the health of the ecosystem and its ability to
sustain human populations and maintain its biodiversity will become imperilled. A very
serious aspect is that these effects would be long-term ones; in effect, pollution would be
permanent in relation to human life times.
These threats are potentially grave because of the areas dependence of people in the basin
on the lake (some 7 to 10 million, including the L. Kivu catchment). There is a growing
awareness in the region of these problems, as well as a growing appreciation of the value of
the lake and its resources. Since it is clear that these resources and the environmental
threats are to a large extent shared because of their interactions within a single ecosystem,
the need is widely recognised for an integrated regional approach to the conservation and
management of the lake environment.
There are large gaps in our knowledge about the lake resources and environmental danger
s, and strategies for pollution control and biodiversity conservation have yet to be worked
out. Enough is known, however, to identify key questions where research and enquiry are
necessary. This will have to be don e in a context where communication between the lake
countries in technical and logistic matters is poor. /moreover, there is a shortage of skilled
person power in fields related to conservation management and pollution control, and there
is need for greater community awareness and education about environment problems an d
solutions.
On the positive side, enough is known to identify key environmental problems and work c out
approaches to their solution. There is evidence of a strong desire in the region to undertake
this work, and it will be facilitated by the recent wide-reaching restructuring of legislation
and institutional responsibilities for environmental matters which has occurred within the
countries. This project presents an opportunity both to investigate urgent problems, and also
to initiate regional co-operation in establishing a facility for the control of pollution and the
good management of an exceptional natural environment.
A.2 Sectoral Strategies
There is as yet no legal framework among the four countries for the joint management of
the lake. The countries participate in the FAO Committee for the Inland Fisheries of Africa
(CIFA) which meets every year and shares experiences specifically on fisheries matters.
Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia are members of the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and
Southern Africa (PTA), and Zaire has applied to join, while Burundi and Zaire are also
members of the Economic Commission for the Great Lakes (CEPGL). PTA is an organisation
with a very broad range of interests, and CEPGL does not include Tanzania and Zambia.
Under these circumstances, the sectoral policies of the four countries have been primarily
concerned with national interests.
Chief of these has been the development of fisheries. There are about 36,000 fishermen on
the lake, operating some 10,000 coastal canoe fishing units and 2,000 improved artisanal
units. Industrial (purse seine) units number about 60 and have operated from the main ports,
Bujumbura, Kigoma, Kalemie and Mpulungu. The export of ornamental fish to destinations
around the world is an increasing business.
The entire lakeshore population depends on the lake water for drinking and other domestic
purposes. In urban areas, notably the city of Bujumbura, water supply arrangements with
treatment on municipal scales exist. Plans exist in these places to develop lake water
resources, which for the future must be of huge potential value in view of the size and
location of this reservoir in a generally arid part of the continent with growing populations.
A shipping transport system exists linking the main ports. This has long been established, but
there are strong indications, notably at the north and south ends, that lake transportation is
growing, and will become an important part of a transportation network linking countries of
East, Central and Southern Africa. Oil is already transported (oil imports to Burundi are
routed by the lake), and this will increasingly be the case especially if oil is produced in the
basin.
At present, the countries have no formal policies to conserve biodiversity in the lake. No;
areas of the lake are set aside for conservation as parks or reserves, other than the nearshore
waters of four land parks. Tourism is not developed, though huge potential for this exists.
Lake Tanganyika has received considerable attention from the international scientific
community for many years, first for its highly diverse endemic biota and more recently in
regard to its geology and sedimentology. There is no doubt that the riches of the lake and
basin represent large potential natural resources for each country.
The project will take account of the various sectoral strategies and reflect a multisectoral
approach, in which certain technical programmes will differ between the four countries but
will complement each other to achieve the required regional objectives.
A.3 Prior and Ongoing Assistance in the Sector
There has been relatively important support for the fisheries of the lake. Three FAO projects,
each about 5 years duration, were partly (Zambia) or entirely (Burundi, Tanzania)
concerned with Lake Tanganyika, and a regional FAO fisheries planning project which
included L. Tanganyika has just been completed. Most recently(1992) a regional
FAO/FINNIDA fisheries research project commenced, which will investigate the biological
basis of fish production. Though these projects have concerned lake biota, none have
covered the conservation of biodiversity in general; it is important that Biodiversity
Conservation now be addressed sine fish catches in the lake have been declining and an
effect of the fishery itself has been to reduce biodiversity,
Other projects concerned with the lake or watershed, either underway or in an advanced
stage of preparation that will have bearing on this project are given below. [In the list, each
project title is followed by the donor agency, the implementing agency, the country or
countries involved, and the areas of co-operation with this project which can be foreseen.]
Contacts will be initiated by the Project Co-ordinator with all these projects with a view to
the exchange of information and co-operation where appropriate. Moreover, where project
relating to the environment are operating on the neighbouring Lakes Malawi and Victoria,
cognisance will be taken of progress and results that may be of use to this project.
Role of Ecotones in Lake Tanganyika DANIDA/UNESCO, Burundi; lake margin
wetland research (Ruzizi delta), development of Lake Tanganyika museum.
Bujumbura Municipal Water Quality GTZ (Germany) BWW, Burundi; pollution
monitoring in Bujumbura area.
Biodiversity Support Project (INECN) USAID/Peace Corps Burundi; on land
conservation.
Ntihanowa River Basic Project FAO (France)/lSABU; Burundi; natural forest & park
protection, environmental education.
Project Memwere & Muhuta Swiss Aid/Travaux Publiques, Burundi; watershed
management.
Projet dAmenagement dHaute Terre Italian Foreign Aid/lSABU, Burundi; watershed
management.
Sewage Treatment Facility for Bujumbura KFW (Germany)/SETEMU, Burundi;
pollution control for Bujumbura area.
Administrative Management Design (ADMADE) project for national parks and
wildlife services, WWF & USAID/Zambia Govt;
community involvement in reserve design and management.
Zambian Environment Educational Programme (ZEEP), WWF/Zambia Govt;
community, primary and secondary education.
Fisheries Loan & Capital Equipment, IBR/Zambia Govt; improvements in fishing
gear, strengthening of institutions (project in suspension ).
Lake Tanganyika(Tanzania) Fisheries Project Netherlands/Tanzania Govt; fisheries.
Ornamental Fish Export Production CBI-Netherlands/Tanzania; sustainability of
ornamental fish exploitation.
Land Degradation in Western Tanzania DANIDA/Tanzania Govt; remote sensing of
land degradation.
Integrated Regional Development NORAD/Tanzania Govt, Tanzania; - afforestation,
water supply.
Hydrothermal Activity in Lake Tanganyika (TANHYDRO) French and Germ. an
National Science Foundations, Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania; - limnology.
Creation and Management of a Research Centre in Ichthyology and F hydro-biology
AGCI (Belgium)/CEPGL-IRAZ, Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire; - pollution monitoring in
northern bay of the lake limnology, training.
Fish and limnological investigations Kyoto University (Japan)/National Governments,
Zaire, Tanzania Zambia; behavioural ecology, fish biology, limnology.
Regional Fisheries Project for Lake Tanganyika FINNIDA/FAO, Burundi, Tanzania,
Zaire, Zambia; improved fishing practices, limnology, training.
International Decade of East African Lakes (IDEAL), (regional project with 15
participating countries NSF (USA) and others to be identified; limnology.
Development phase to be or going over 12 to 15 years, (other projects are in
preparation between various of the lakeshore countries and the University of Arizona
(USA), the Royal Museum of Natural Sciences, Belgium, and the University of East
Brittany France.)
Ongoing community development, land management and fisheries project conducted by
CADIC and HAAC at Uvira (Zaire).
Most of these projects are quite small and narrowly focused, and deal with specific
problems. Most involve. only one lake country. While there are areas of complementarity,
there is little if any overlap with this project none of them serve the need for biodiversity
conservation and pollution control in the lake as a whole which to be effective must be
approached on a regional basis.
A.4 Institutional Framework for the Sub-sectors
In the absence of a formal regional institutional framework for co-ordinated management of
the lake resources, interchange between the four countries has been taking place primarily
through ad hoc inter-country, consultations. Fortunately, similar institutions exist for the
management of natural resources at the national level, and lead agencies for
environmental matters have been designated. In Burundi, here is a Ministry of Land
Management, Tourism and Environment which includes a National Institute for
Environment and Conservation of Nature (INECN). In Zambia, a National Environment
Council (NEC) has been set up with Natural Resources lnspectorate responsible for the
management of natural resources; a t ministry level there is the Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources. In Tanzania, a Ministry of Tourism , Natural Resource. and Environment
exists to complement the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). In Zaire,
there is a Ministry of Environment, Conservation of Nature and Tourism.
All these environmental agencies are relatively new and have inadequate staff, with little
resources and finance. While their responsibilities are broad their operational capacities
have yet to be well established.
There are also national universities which are responding to the research needs of their
societies. The University of Burundi has now developed some research capacity
oncological and pollution aspects of the lake. The Biology Department of the University of
Zambia is also interested in working on the lake at some point. The staff of the Department
of Biology at the University of Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania has done research on lake
fisheries. In addition, several non-governmental organisations in the countries exist which;
re-oriented towards providing direct support to communities in the field of environmental
awareness.
More detail is given in Annex Vll about these various national bodies which provide the
institutional framework in which the project must function. The project therefore has the
challenging task of establishing working relationships with them all, and increasing their
respective capacities to help manage the lake environment. All must be involved in a
concerted effort to ensure that the hydrological, soil and biotic regimes of the lake basin
can be sustained and deleterious activities controlled.
B. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION -
B.1 Present Situation, and Problems to be Addressed
a. Present Situation
Burundi: The entire coastline of Burundi is inhabited, most of it densely. Nearly complete
deforestation has occurred in the Burundi watershed, with protected areas restricted to three
places (Rusizi Delta, Rumong. Forest and Kibwesa Forest) none of which is large enough to
avoid significant impacts from the outside. Soil erosion consequent on deforestation and
intensive agriculture is considered by most authorities to be a critical environmental
problem facing Burundi. The effect on the lake is excess sediment pollution and severe
siltation Recently it has been observed (1992) that great quantities of anoxic muds are
accumulating in places a shallow as 70 metres depth (above the usual maximum depth of
oxygenation there), apparently as a result of rapid accumulation of organic matter.
Although it is known that this problem is potentially occurring elsewhere in the lake as a
result of deforestation, it is undoubtedly most acute here.
Rock and sand coastlines are the richest aquatic habitats in L. Tanganyika in terms of
species diversity. In northern Burundi such habitats are already severely degraded resulting
in reduced biodiversity. The very steep slopes of the lake bottom imply that siltation affects
the entire nearshore biota of the lake in Burundi. Another aspect of sediment pollution is its
potential but as yet unknown impact on the traditional and commercial fisheries as all the
important fishery species have a juvenile phase of life inshore.
The offshore and inshore fisheries in Burundi are, or were, the most intensive in the lake. A
former!, prosperous commercial fishery, supported by a large local market and good road
communications, is now in severe decline. This has serious economic and nutritional
implications. The causes of the evident depletion of fish stocks are not well understood.
Industrialisation and population numbers in Bujumbura are believed likely to expand rapid
y, possibly doubling in the next decade or so. At present, numerous industries discharge
their wastes with Iittle or no treatment into canals which enter the lake. Currently there is no
sewage treatment in Bujumbura. The water supply for the city comes from the lake, and it is
quite possible that intake water quality will be threatened if the pollution discharge
continues to increase. Chemical pollution, if uncontrolled, is likely to become a serious
problem in the northern bay of the lake.
Zambia: Environmental conditions in the Zambia sector are mostly very good. About one
third of the coastline receives considerable protection within the Nsumbu National Park
boundaries which extend a mile offshore. Another third of the coast is very lightly inhabited.
These areas support extremely rich species diversities, especially nearshore (O - 40m
depth), but there is also a remarkable deep water fauna offshore down to 200m, which is
more abundant in the Zambian part than elsewhere
The remaining third of the coast, around the south-east arm, contains areas heavily
influenced by human settlements, such as the environs of Mpulungu where there is a
harbour, several industrial 1 fisheries installations and a large population in satellite
villages. Mpulungu is growing very quickly. Beach seining is commonly practised around
most of this area, and this fishing method is known to be destructive to nearshore biota,
especially those with low reproductive rates and limited distribution, as is the case in many
of the cichlid fish species. Also, large changes in the pelagic and bottom fish stocks have
occurred following sustained purse seining and gill-netting. While these trends have been
documented, the magnitude of the total impact of human activities in the area, including
chemical enrichment around the harbour, has not been estimated.
Tourism facilities are more developed in Zambia than elsewhere, and there is considerable
potential for the establishment of underwater parks. These would help preserve biodiversity
and augment tourism, and would also assist the commercial fishery outside the park by
protecting inshore nursery grounds of fish. Other commercial enterprises present are
ornamental fish exportation and crocodile farming.
Tanzania: The Tanzanian sector includes most of the eastern coast, and is one of the
remotest and leas, developed parts of that country. Few roads reach the lake, and none run
parallel to the lakeshore (see map in Annex). However, there is a considerable population of
fishermen-farmers in villages along the coast, and there are fairly large population centres
around the port and railhead of Kigoma, and at Kipili. Increasing deforestation and erosion
are occurring, in particular along the northern Tanzanian coast seine nets are wider, used
but their effects are not quantified. Industrial vessels fish sporadically from Kigoma, with
apparent impacts on local fish stocks. Some chemical pollution has been noted at Kigoma,
and r s the port and shore installations grow, precautions against pollution in the area are
required.
There are two land parks adjoining the lake, the small Gombe Reserve known internationally
for its chimpanzees, and the mountainous Mahali Reserve. The former is under
considerable pressure from adjacent highly populated areas. Extension of these parks to
include sectors of the lake, as envisaged in the project, should considerably enhance the
value of these parks, from both ecological and tour). m viewpoints. The Tanzanian coast in
general is highly variable in habitat types and appears to contain a very rich aquatic fauna.
Zaire: A similar description applies to the Zairian part of the lake, which comprises virtual! y
all the west coast. There is one main railhead port, Kalemie, from which lake transport ships
and industrial fishing boats operate. Villages are scattered along the lakeshore with poor
communications to the interior. There is evidence from satellite photographs that
significant deforestation is occurring along certain steep escarpments near the lake. The
northern 75 km of the coast is densely populated with a large local fishery. Catches there
have diminished drastically in the past decade, apparently due to intense fishing.
Considerable aquatic biodiversity exists, as indicated by a long series of underwater studies
based at Uvira. The need is great to establish reserves in parts of the Zairian coast to help in
the conservation of the watershed and lake. None have yet been proposed.
In short, there are clearly considerable disparities between the four countries in resource
exploitation and environmental problems, actual and potential. Corresponding differences
exist in the ways that special problems and their priorities of importance are perceived. The
project must reflect these differences, and will do so through locating and emphasising
particular project activities in the different countries. Despite the different situations,
however, the control of pollution and protection of biodiversity a e closely related to
environmental issues that are common throughout the basin. Certain problems of common
interest stand out clearly. They are as follows:
b. Problems to be Addressed
In general, poor management of resources at a time of rapid demographic expansion has
characterised activities in the region. Inappropriate land use and deforestation are
increasing the load of sediments and nutrients flowing into the lake, and threats of industrial
pollution are increasing. There is inadequate capacity within the countries to stem these
processes and to integrate conservation measures with development efforts. Moreover, there
is a need for a concerted regional approach to manage the ecosystem 1. Specifically, the
project will assist the four countries to address these problems in the following ways:
(i) Ensuring a regional focus within the basin
The project will help develop a co-ordinated administrative mechanism for the
environmental management of the lake and its basin. It will co-operate with national
sectoral departments and institutes and with other international and bilateral projects
operating in the region in related fields. It will foster public awareness, education and
community involvement on lake environment matters, and support for environmental policy.
(ii) Obtaining vital data on the lake and watershed
A major strategy of the project is to obtain better understanding of particular aspects of the
lake system, and of changes which are occurring that threaten it. To do this an intensive
programme will be implemented to collect essential data and assess them. For example, it
will investigate biodiversity in the lake and measures to conserve it, and also identify and try
to quantify pollution and recommend measures to control it.
(iii) Formulating a co-operative mechanism for environmental management
A co-operative permanent mechanism is needed to adequately control pollution and
conserve biodiversity, and the project aims to establish a system for co-ordinated
management of the lake environment. This approach must include provision for well-
articulated, basin- wide monitoring an follow-up action based on the project findings. It
must also take account of the Desire for sustainable rational development of lake resources,
and of the different national priorities of the lakeshore countries.
(iv) Strengthening national capabilities
Since trained personnel in the various fields of expertise involved in the project is largely
inadequate in all four countries, the project will develop and strengthen national capability
in research, monitoring and management of biodiversity and pollution control.
B 2. Situation Expected at End of Project
A regional framework for the co-ordination of activities for the management of biodiversity
and pollution problems in the lake watershed will have been well established.
Communication and co-operation would b much improved between the lake countries in
environmental matters of common concern . Numbers of skilled and experienced scientific,
management and technical staff will be increased, and government agencies would have
stronger capability to deal with biodiversity and conservation issues.
The scale of the negative impacts from sediment loads and urban or agricultural pollution
at present and in future will have been limited, and a harmonised system of pollution
control regulations w |11 have been adapted by the four partner countries. The actual
damage caused by fishing upon the natural communities will have been documented and
improved fishing practices encouraged by government department, and NGOs. Existing
environmental laws will have been reviewed, with recommendations for co-ordination of
laws and standards of allowable limits for pollutants. A pollution monitoring programme by
the partner state will be in operation The lake will have been zoned for conservation and
utilisation with appropriate management regimes outlined Specific reserves or national
parks will have been designated.
A regional environmental management plan, the Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan with a
tire horizon of at least 10 years will have been adapted and be in operation. This will have
integrated a consideration of all positive and negative impacts within the catchment area
into a management framework for the g lake basin. It will represent the objectives of the four
partner countries. The economic benefits at national and local level will have been
assessed along with the most probable distribution of those benefits.
Awareness of lake/catchment area environmental problems will be increased at local
community level, whilst their perceptions and expectations will have been addressed in the
plan. Participation in the Planning and Conservation procedures will have taken place.
Measures will have been taken to create local income generation in lake shore
communities with activities which promote rather than inhibit environmental protection.
The most suitable form of permanent organisation for lakewide co-operation in pollution
control, conservation and lake bank management (e.g. a lake basin commission) will be
agreed upon and the appropriate preparations made. This organisation should be ready to
take over and be operational by the end of the present project. A mechanism for the
sustainability of the structure will be established.
Much more essential knowledge about lake biodiversity and pollution will be available
Existing practices causing deterioration in the lake environment will be identified, their
effects demonstrated, and recommendations and plans for remedial follow-up action made.
Existing environmental laws will have been reviewed, with recommendations for
harmonisation of laws, and standards for mitigation of international pollution problems in
the lake agreed upon, including pollution monitoring and plans for emergency situations
(e.g. oil spills). The impacts of certain fishing methods will be ascertained. Four under water
reserves with trained management will be established, and other potential reserve areas
located.
B.3 Target Beneficiaries
The direct beneficiaries will be:
(i)
The lakeshore communities, especially those in the larger population
centres, which will benefit by the steps taken to avoid pollution of the lake on which all
depend (drinking water and domestic purposes. Development of new sustainable methods of
income generation and local resource management should replace environmentally
destructive ones currently in use and will benefit many rural communities.
(ii)
People depending on fisheries, agriculture, forestry and other natural
resource uses, will benefit from
better resource management and also from increases in local income generation from
tourism.
(iii)
Government agencies responsible for national development at planning and
implementation levels will benefit by increased capability to develop, monitor and manage
the lake and catchment resource towards sustainable goals. More indirectly, the world-wide
community will benefit by the conservation of one of the most valuable lake faunas on
earth, comparable to others which have been internationally recognised as heritages of
mankind
B.4 Project Strategy and Implementation Arrangements
The general strategy is to move towards broader understanding of the lake and its net rural
resources whilst putting their use and protection into a firm long-term planning framework.
The strategy addresses all aspect of biodiversity and its protection from the increasing
effects of waste disposal and agricultural management practices within the basin as a
whole. It is particularly important that a broadly-based and co-operative lake management
mechanism be put into place which can continue to influence and extend the Strategic
Plan beyond the life-time of the present project. A phased sequence of activities required to
pursue this strategy is shown in the accompanying bar chart.
At present there are broad perceptions as to the types of processes which might threat en
the existence an. biodiversity of natural communities in the lake. These include increased
domestic and industrial west discharge, increased fishing pressure and greater sediment
inflows resulting from deteriorating agricultural an forestry management within the basin.
Each of these, however, is symptomatic of the general increase pressure on resources
caused by increasing population pressure around the lake. However, having identify. some
of the qualitative threats to biodiversity in the lake, the first points to be addressed must be:
· the relative scale of these processes;
· where might they be having their effects; and
· how much worse they might become over a specified time.
There is, therefore, an initial need for quantification of the processes involved, combine d
with a comparison with plans in other sectors such as industry, agriculture, fisheries and
forestry to gain an indication of both the magnitude and time scale of any deleterious
effects in the Lake. Only at this point can specific points of intervention be identified to
augment the broad management measures, such as, 1 or example sewage treatment, which
might be sought right from the start.
The first step, therefore, is to assemble all existing quantitative data on pollution and other
processes through a series of cross sectoral reviews. Any projections of future developments
from plans in other sectors will need to be taken into account. These reviews can provide
the first tier of information in a lake-wide database compilation. Gaps in information can
provide guidance for specific studies related to the direction and magnitude of potentially
deleterious processes. In addition, since international collaboration is a crucial element in
the strategy, the review should also include the relevant legislation and regulations of; all
four counties with a view to eventually developing a coherent legal framework for the
integrated management of the Lake.
There is no doubt, from the information collected already on the number and nature of the
species existing in Lake Tanganyika, that it is a site of primary international significance
and a spectacular evolutionary laboratory. However, while the conservation of biodiversity is
a pre-eminent objective of the present project, it cannot be seen in isolation. National
interests and economies will expect to gain from the natural resources just as local
communities will not readily forgo their traditional activities and sources of income. As
pressure on resources increases, sustainable conservation can only operate through
consensus which can usually only be achieved where there is no conflict of interest or
where there are incentives for people to restrict their activities in some way. Around Lake
Tanganyika communications are poor, and so central influence and control of lakeside
communities is difficult. It is all the more important, therefore, that these lakeside
communities are included in the consensus since their attitudes may play a major part in
the success or failure of the project.
It is likely, therefore, that Lake Tanganyika will be used to an increasing degree for a
number of different purposes in the foreseeable future. However, just as the number of uses
are varied so the conservation requirements within the Lake may not be uniform. In terms of
habitat, the Lake is rather heterogeneous. A review of the biological information available
will be used to identify centres of biodiversity and to identify zones which should be kept
pristine, those of national or local significance, areas of potential for tourism and education
through their accessibility, those in need of rehabilitation, or those where exploitation can
be carried out with perhaps intermediate buffer zones in sensitive cases.
The preliminary zoning, or classification of the Lake from the physical and biological
reviews, which can be combined with management outlines for each category, will lead
into the drafting of a preliminary Strategic Plan. This should also take into account what
has been deduced about the severity of the trends with time, and contain some initial
impression of the opinion of local communities of the Lake and its problems. In effect the
first six months will be a major planning exercise where all existing data is brought together
and the major strands of project driven research, institutional development and education
are finalised This data will be organised into a database which will be copied to all
national centres. The major information -taps in the quantification of potential negative
trends, such as sediment transport and water quality will require specific surveys and
research. Ultimately, if properly designed, such surveys could provide the basis of a long-
term monitoring of the Lake.
The primary objective of the project research, however, is to determine exactly what is
going into the Lake, what and how much is coming out of the Lake, and the extent to which
these inputs and outputs are likely to change with time.
With regard to fisheries. fish catches over time are known to some degree. Nominally on y
six out of 300 + fish species are involved, but the extent to which some techniques, such as
beach seines, and gill nets, damage wider sections of the fish community is unknown. In
addition, there is no indication of the potential knock-on effect through the food chain of
destabilisinq influences brought about by over exploitation of the six species principally
involved. The position of the ornamental fish trade is also unclear. Although the numbers
involved are relatively low and while it may also be a potential income generator for
national interests and lakeside communities, the nature of the trade often puts a premium
on rarity. Rarer species may, therefore require specific protection and the trade may require
some regulation. An understanding of its present operation, scale and outlets, as well as
potential, will therefore be needed.
The Strategic Plan should also include surveys which will establish the baseline condition
of the Lake and its normal processes. Target areas for more complete biological inventories
will be identified from the gaps evident in the reviews and the assessment of need for
conservation areas. Relatively little is currently known about the hydrology of the Lake and it
is important to know where sediment inflows and chemical inputs are likely to end up.
Studies required to complete a basic understanding of the hydrodynamics and mixing
processes in the Lake will lead to the formation of a simple model which would indicate the
most likely fate for increased inputs. In a similar way there are simple community models
(e.g. ECOPATH ) which take fisheries and fish community data and can predict the knock-
on effects of changing exploitation through the fish community as a whole. This has in fact,
already been applied in a some portion of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria.
For a wider view of the baseline conditions over the basin as a whole, GIS surveys will be
employed. This will enable the tracking of progress on such features as erosion and
deforestation to be followed on land a well as the extent of sediment plumes and
phytoplankton productivity in the water.
Ultimately no conservation plan will succeed without the co-operation of the people. The
Strategic Plan will therefore develop studies to ascertain the expectations of local people
from the development of the Lake identifying areas of conflict between these expectations
and needs for conservation will entail small representative socio-economic studies around
the Lake, looking at the significance of watershed use, fish patterns of fishing and fishing
activity in those communities, with a view to seeing if any changes in activities are
necessary and, if so, that they are acceptable to the people. In tandem with this, additional
ways of generating income should be explored. For example tourism is a potential means of
income generation, an. a survey of existing and future needs for organisation and
infrastructure in each of the four countries i. required. However, it must be clear that the
local people should share in the benefits of tourism and not just bear its impact and the
assessment of tourism potential will consider the distribution of existing benefits Other
alternative sources of income or revenue, which essentially may be needed to sustain
conservation planning in the future, would also need to be investigated, such as differential
licence fees for commercial fisheries, or tourism transport taxation.
To liaise with local communities it will be essential to work through the local power groups
and councils. further study within the Strategic Plan will be to ascertain the most
appropriate channels of information through local government and community
organisation. Both for enquiries into conditions and attitudes an for dissemination of
information the use of local fore will be of paramount importance.
For the future the most influential target group will be the teachers and their schools. For
this reason the rapid production of information materials on the Lake and the project within
the four countries v Jill be essential. Just as appropriate NGOs may act for liaison with local
communities, they may also help in organising teacher groups during the early phase of the
action plan. In addition, when Protected Areas or reserves become designated, classrooms
and dormitory blocks for the use of schools should be included in any infrastructure.
These special studies, identified within the Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan, following the
initial Reviews and Inception Report, will proceed over a 2 year period. They will operate
from four national c entree, Uvira (Zaire), Bujumbura (Burundi) Kigoma (Tanzania) and
Nsumbu (Zambia). To carry out the studies and subsequent implementation and
management of the Strategic Plan will make demands upon the personnel and institutional
resources of all four countries. Therefore the review phase will include a review of nation al
staffing levels and institutional facilities. From this the immediate ability to contribute to the
project will be factored into the plan while future training needs and training programmes
will be characterised.
As the project studies near completion a second planning phase will begin. At this point the
magnitude and direction of the major threats will be known. Based upon the knowledge
gained from re search, measures of intervention or mitigation will be recommended for
incorporation into the final version of the Strategic Management Plan, whilst taking into
account the most likely prognoses from other sectoral management plans. The various
categories of conservation zones will be drawn up and their selection finalised. For each of
the identified zones a management options will be determined and specific long-term
objectives will be defined. The formulation of such a well-documented plan for ministerial
approval, will not only provide a unifying influence for multilateral co-operation over lake
management, but will provide a clear pattern of objectives, and ways and means thereby
giving the Environmental Sector a voice in discussions with other sectors principally
industry, agriculture, fisheries and forestry in the integrated management of the whole eke
basin. It will be a recognisable planning element at Ministry level.
Once the Strategic Plan is finalised, the legal framework within each country will need t D
be scrutinised and changes suggested if necessary. Information on allowable limits for
pollutants will also t re available to assist in refining the newly framed pollution regulations
in each country. Management regulations governing conservation zones and other areas of
the Lake can also be formulated at this point.
Consultation at community level is an integral part of the project process. Therefore at the
finalisation of the planning stage all elements of the plan and its management components
will have been discussed with local groups so that the workable options can be identified.
Further studies will have been identified as part of the final plan but some of the earlier
studies will be used as the basis of an on-going monitoring programme incorporating
physical, chemical and biological features which can be added to the project database
and GIS system. An international manual for the monitoring programme could be
produced.
One further element in the final Strategic Plan will be an economic appraisal at both
macro and micro level. The overall conservation and management needs to be costed and
the financial constraints on management options will be assessed. The amount of income
which could potentially be generated by such activities as tourism, ornamental fish,
licences and taxes, etc. should be set against the amount require to come from each of the
national budgets on an annual basis over 10 years, or from outside sources. Any potential
changes in local economies could also be investigated, and particularly the potential
distribution of any benefits at community level, since these may be of the greatest incentive
in obtaining the co-operation and participation of the people in management and
conservation.
It is anticipated that organisational structure of the project outlined in Section B7 will foster
multilateral co-operation in lake management, as well as a flow of information at all levels,
and that this would provide the basis for future management of the programme.
An important aspect of implementing the technical and research programme is the u se of
a contractual approach. Specific tasks in different fields will be accomplished by sub-
contractors rather than by engaging a number of resident, less specialist project staff. The
experience of previous projects on the lake indicates that the contractual approach has
produced better results and greater local benefits where it has been tried than the more
traditional arrangement involving a group of resident experts. In any ca se, it would not be
possible to assemble in a permanent staff the range of expertise and background require 1.
Nor are the skills and experience needed likely to be found in any one body or institute
elsewhere. Thus the project will proceed by engaging an implementing agency with the
necessary world-wide contacts and professional organisation to employ suitable sub-
contractors. Project staff will administer, work with, and provide necessary services and basic
facilities needed by the sub-contractors, who will in fact be the principal technical
implementing agents. Project staff will also be responsible for collating results of the
research undertaken by the sub-contractors and providing a preliminary compilation of
policy options emerging from this research. General direction and support of contractors will
be maintained by project staff under the Project Co-ordinator, advised and monitored by a
Technical Committee. Overall strategy will be directed by a project Steering Committee.
(See section B.7 and Annex Vll concerning these committees.)
It is expected that the efficiency of contractors directly responsible for the supply and
execution of their own contracts will result in lower real costs for what they do and also in a
reduction of the other wise invisible costs that might be incurred through delays and other
common administrative difficulties. A particular benefit of this approach is the educational
and training advantage that should come from the involvement of a number of outside
institutes and training centres. A significant criterion to be used in the selection of
contractors will be the extent to which they will make use of local expertise and supplies,
the amount of training they will offer in-country and abroad, and the improvements they will
leave behind. Potential subcontractors will be evaluated in part on the basis of their
proposals for training counterparts, and further use of those subcontractors will be decided
on their performance in doing so.
The institutional framework for this international project is complex (see Annex VII) and the
project management and implementation strategy must fit this setting. Within the context of
building a partnership among the countries, the project proposes to operate from four
national centres, one in each country, whose activities will of course extend to the other
countries as well. These centres are proposed as follows:
Pollution Studies Centre, Bujmbura, Burundi
Efforts will concentrate on excess sediment pollution and chemical pollution. The most
serious of these problems around the lake probably occur in Burundi. Land erosion projects
are being mounted by other agencies in the same general area and should be
complementary. As part of the same studies, observation will be made in nearby Zaire and
Tanzania. Industrial and urban sources of pollution would be studied mainly near
Bujumbura as well as at other ports and population centres. Project administration will also
be located in Bujumbura for reasons of logistic advantages.
Limnological Centre, Kigoma, Tanzania
Tanzania has a cony coastline and, from consideration of probable circulation patterns, it is
proposed to place two of the four lake stations for limnology in the Tanzanian sector. In
addition to focusing the limnological investigations here, the study of the impacts of fishing
methods on biodiversity would aIso be based in the centre. The project would co-ordinate
its activities with the recently renovated laboratory in Kigoma.
Education and Training Centre, Uvira, Zaire
As one of the most densely populated parts of the lakeshore, it is proposed to make Uvira the
centre for environmental education. Moreover, acute environmental problems related to
population pressure (e.g. decline in fish catches, erosion) are occurring in this general
northern area of the lake, and NGOs concerned with environmental education and
extension are already in place in Uvira.
Biodiversity Studies Centre, Nsumbu, Zambia
The very rich variety of aquatic habitats in this part of the lake, including extensive deep
areas of oxygenated bottom, make it a most suitable place to initiate the studies on
biodiversity. The initial work to establish an underwater reserve will be carried out at
Nsumbu, later extending to locations in the other countries.
Lastly, a major element of project strategy will concern co-operation with other projects hat
are carrying out activities related to the lake environment, conservation or environmental
education (see list in section A.3). Decisions as to the means and extent of co-operation
with current projects will be made a t an early stage and periodically reviewed by the
Steering and Technical Committees.
B.5 Reasons for Assistance from GEF
The terms of reference of the UNDP Global Environmental Facility stress the importance of
biodiversity, which is often not of immediate economic consequence and which has not
normally attracted significant international funds. Government resources are generally
channelled towards development, improvement and alleviation goals which have
precluded much investment in the environment. Many of the activities proposed for this
project, while having great long-term environmental and resource significance, would
nevertheless be difficult for individual governments to undertake on the basis of short-term
economics. Therefore stimulating regional co-operation in solving common water resource
management problems, and-protection of biodiversity on lakewide basis, are only likely to
be achieved at the present time by the provision of significant technical and financial
support.
Experience in large lakes elsewhere has shown that they are vulnerable to uncontrolled
exploitation and pollution, particularly where they are shared by more than one country.
Lake Tanganyika is especially vulnerable because of its slow renewal or flushing rate and its
large proportion of already deoxygenated deep water. However, the pollution problems in
Tanganyika have not yet reached the point where they would draw sustained government
attention, particularly not on a regionally co-operative basis. GEF can help to prevent a
critical and perhaps irreversible situation from arising, by addressing the lakes
environmental problems before more costly intervention is necessary; and by promoting
regional co-operation to ensure the long-term viability of the lake as a biotic and economic
resource.
B.6 Special Considerations
Two outstanding special considerations are the related problems of communication within
the lake basin and co-ordination of lake management. Travel between localities around the
lake is difficult and slow. This is largely due to the fact that the sides of the basin are steep
with rugged shorelines, and most roads and the two rail links lead directly to or from it.
There are few places where land transport along the lakeshore is possible. The capital cities
of the four countries are, with the exception of Bujumbura, remote from the lake. There are
numerous linguistic barriers. There are no long standing traditions of co-operation or
mobility around the lake, and in fact the lake has served more as a barrier in the past than a
means of communication. Physical scale must also be borne in mind: not only is the lake
650 km long, but its shore-line is over 1500 km.
Passenger and freight transportation services are provided by several ships, which ply
regularly between the major lake communities. Local transportation is by various kinds of
small wooden boats. These services, however, are of a limited and basic nature in relation
to the size of the basin populations a 1d their dependence in some way or other on lake
resources, and transported materials.
Against this background, an absolutely essential element for the implementation of the
project will be an efficient communications system. For project operations, good radio links
between the project centres and with project vessels will be a minimal requirement, with
possibly telephone-satellite link for voice and data transmission to be established wherever
feasible. However, satellite link systems are e, pensive to use and, therefore will be
impossible to sustain after the project. Good, high frequency (HF) radio equipment which
can operate between land stations on ship-to-shore, may be preferable. In addition, project
vessels (main vessel, four utility boats, and minor craft) will be in constant use in the work
programme and will ensure the mobility of staff. Committee meetings, workshops, training
activities and newsletter, will all serve and be used deliberately to increase communication.
As regards co-ordination of project activities, which are intended to lead to a regionally
organised structure for the environmental management of the lake, the following
arrangements will be put in place.
B.7 Co-ordination Arrangements
At regional level:
A Lake Tanganyika Conservation Steering Committee will be set up, consisting of senior
civil servants representing the four governments. Membership will also include project
National Co-ordinators, and representatives of the GEF, the UNDP and the Executing
Agency. (See Annex Vll for term s of reference of the Committee.) The overall management
and organisation structure and lines of communication are shown in the accompanying
organogram.
A project Co-ordination Unit will be set up consisting of a contracted Project Co-ordinator a
Scientific Liaison Officer and a Training Officer, together with their Administrative support
personnel. Their responsibility will be for the overall management and implementation of
the project. Since training and education will play a major role in the institutional
development within the project, the Training Officer should lead a Training and Education
Committee to decide upon education and training needs following the review phase and to
be responsible for arranging and implementing the program. One further important aspect is
procurement of equipment and materials, which is also a specialised task for new
institutions. A procurement cell, headed by the Project Co-ordinator with representatives of
some or all of the participating institutions and including a Technical Officer experienced
in procurement, should be instigated during the first eighteen months of the program when
procurement will be a major activity. This may need to be reconvened when new
infrastructure is proposed later in the project.
At national level:
Each participating country will designate a National Co-ordinator, who will facilitate
effective co-ordination of project activities with that country. The National Co-ordinator will
effectively make avail able the information and experience gained by the project to
relevant national institutions and departments through National Working Groups. These will
be formed early in the project. They will contain representatives of participating institutions
and NGOs. They will be led by the National Co-ordinators.
Regular contact needs to be made with local communities. This could be the responsibility
of some of the government officers who are part of the National Working Group. It might,
however, be more appropriate for this liaison to be through NGOs. They could assist in
forming consultative groups at District or Village level, through existing community
structures. Ultimately these consultative groups could form the nuclei of local management
groups.
Overall Co-ordination:
The Project Co-ordinator will be the executive secretary for the Steering Committee and w
11 report annually to the Committee. He will chair the Technical Committee, and will
maintain co-ordination between the various project activities in each country, regularly
visiting each project centre. He will also keep in close touch with other projects working on
the lake, sharing progress reports and arranging for them to contribute to project
conferences and committees as appropriate. Other international project staff will each have
a co-ordinating role for their respective activities; for example, the scientific liaison officer
will monitor and facilitate the work of the technical sub-contractors, providing basic logistic
support and ensuring that in the field their work not only conforms to technical requirements
but is integrated with the national centres.
A Conservation Technical Committee will have oversight of the Project Technical Program,
monitoring and reviewing the progress of its activities. Membership will include national
and international technical experts involved with or experienced in Lake Tanganyika. (See
Annex for Terms of Reference.)
To co-ordinate and monitor the overall management and progress of the project a six-
monthly supervision mission should be convened by the GEF. This can run in tandem with
the Conservation Technical Committee but should be equally concerned with management
as well as technical issues. It should consist of the Task Manager of the GEF or its executing
agency, plus the team leader of the Technical Committee and one other co-opted member
who should have considerable project management as well as technical experience. It
should not, however, include the Project Co-ordinator. The Technical Committee will
operate concurrently with the supervision mission on a 6 monthly basis. It will interpret
technical progress for the supervision mission but the supervision mission will prepare the
final Aide Memoir on overall management and technical progress c the project for the
donor agencies and the Steering Committee. During their 6 monthly meetings the GEF
Supervision Mission and the Technical Committee should have contact with each level of
project organisation as indicated in the accompanying organogram. These contacts should
be made on a regular basis by the Project Co-ordination Unit and be the subject of a report
to the two reviewing bodies.
Operation and Management:
The activities required to manage and co-ordinate the project are summarised in the
accompanying bar chart The staff for this Project Co-ordination Unit should be recruited for
the start of the project and the Nation. Co-ordinators should be appointed immediately
afterwards. There may be a start of project meeting between a GEF Supervision Mission, the
Project Co-ordination Unit and the National Co-ordinators to plan the initial program and
the review phase. The review phase can be conducted by contractors who will go in to
conduct the special studies required by the Strategic Plan. The Technical Committee
should be recruited as soon a possible. The Technical Committee and the GEF supervision
mission will convene in month 4 after the review are complete. In addition to contributing
to the formulation of the initial Strategic Plan, they will agree upon criteria to incorporate
into a logical framework or sequence of milestones against which future missions will assess
progress. The GEF Supervision Mission and the Technical Committee will me et with the
Steering Committee at the end of year one after having reviewed and evaluated the first
years progress. Further detail on monitoring and evaluation procedures are given in Section
H. These tripartite meetings should continue on an annual basis.
The first meeting at the end of the review phase should also provide manpower and training
requirements as well as the objectives for community information and education. The
Training and Education Committee can also, therefore, establish their program at this point.
At some point in the first year, preferably shortly after the Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan
has been put together, a ministerial meeting of all four countries should be convened to
establish a collective political commitment to the project and to generally facilitate
international co-operation.
A major meeting of the GEF Supervision Mission, the Technical Committee and the
Steering Committee should take place at the finalisation of the Strategic Plan, following
the results of the special studies.
B.8 Counterpart Support
The availability of adequate numbers of counterpart staff and certain contributions in kind
are essential both to initiate the project and continue its work. Training and education are
large components of this project in order to strengthen national capacities. Sites for the
project centres and various facilities there (which will be improved to the extent necessary
for operations), are also basic requirements. National inputs are described in Section E.
C. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
The ultimate objective of the project is to demonstrate an effective regional approach to
control pollution and to prevent the loss of the exceptional diversity of Lake Tanganyika's
international waters. For this purpose, the development objective which has to be met is the
creation of the capacity in the four participating countries to manage the lake on a regional
basis as a sound and sustainable environment. The means by which the project proposes to
achieve this development objective are set out in this document.
D. IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 1
Establish a regional long-term management program for pollution control, conservation and
maintenance of biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika.
OUTPUT 1.1
Review all existing relevant data on Lake Tanganyika and its basin to provide platform for
initial formulation of the Strategic Plan for the management of Lake Tanganyika.
Activity 1.1.1 Review biological, hydrological and water quality information to establish
known patterns of biodiversity in the lake and to determine the extent of
degradation in the lake at present.
Activity 1.1.2 Review demographic trends from census data and examine all sectoral plans
in agriculture, forestry, industry, urbanisation and fisheries, past and present.
Ascertain the current status of each sector, in as much as they impinge on
the lake, and the likely extent and timing of future developments;
Activity 1.1.3 Review present capability of host country institutions to identify gaps in
equipment and facilities which need to be filled during the project.
Similarly assess present staffing strengths of these institutions, as well as non-
government institutions, in order to compare with probable staffing
requirements. This will lay the basis of the training program. The plans of
other related development projects will also be scrutinised so that the
prospects for shared facilities can be taken into account.
Activity 1.1.4 Review all legislative aspects including present environmental policies in the
four host countries, and any existing or prospective regulations on pollution
control and allowable limits. This review will contribute to the eventual
drawing up of the legislative framework needed in all four countries to
underpin the proper implementation of the program and its conservation
areas, as outlined in Objective 2 below.
Activity 1.5 Establish early contact with representative lakeside communities as p art of a
continuing process of dialogue and consultation. This could mean early
involvement of NGOs, as initial attitudes of the communities to the present
state of activities on the lake and their perceptions of the future must be
solicited by interview.
OUTPUT 1.2
Inception Report based on all review data will provide bench-line data for the planning of
the management program.
Activity 1.2.1 From all the data assembled all the negative trends amongst processes
influencing the lake will be characterised and identified.
Activity 1.2.2 From all the data assembled all the major gaps in information will be
identified. This will sea the formulation of special studies which can be
directed to filling these gaps (see Immediate Objective 5). Once these
studies have been carried out for a sufficient time, the Lake Tanganyika
strategic Plan can be finalised on a firmer planning basis (se g Output 1.1).
Activity 1.2.3 Compile review data in Inception Report into a computerised database which
can be shared between project centres and updated as new information
becomes available. The Inception report should be available 3 to 5 months
after the start of the project.
Activity 1.2.4 The database will be continually updated by results from the special studies
and will be made the basis of a GIS system for Lake Tanganyika.
OUTPUT 1.3
A preliminary Lake Basin Strategic Plan will be drawn up from information compiled in
reviews and combined into the Inception Report. This plan will be used to lay down the
basic elements of the management program and the activities needed to finalise and
implement it. This preliminary plan should be complete within 5 months of the start of the
project.
Activity 1.3.1 The lake will be divided into zones based on use or known conservation value,
taking into account the multiple uses of the lake and its pattern of
biodiversity. Some initial prioritisation of conservation areas will be
attempted, based on known biodiversity, habitat distinctiveness and
accessibility.
Activity 1.3.2 Finalise work programs for special studies which will contribute to a long -term
understanding of the functioning of the lake (see Immediate Objective 5)
and help fill n gaps identified in reviews.
Activity 1.3.3 Prepare and initiate four project centres, one each from the host countries
around the lake, where various elements of the program will be carried out.
Once the direct study requirements have been identified" these can be
shared amongst the centres and a work program for each drawn up.
Activity 1.3.4 Finalise a list of equipment and services for procurement. This will be acted
on over the next eighteen months by the procurement cell (see Section B7).
Activity 1.3.5 The future staff needs, in terms of number, discipline and level for trained
personnel will be itemised from the institutional and manpower review. A
training program me to address these needs will be drawn up by the training
officer and the necessary arrange meets and progress review will be carried
out by the training committee (see Section B7).
Activity 1.3.6 Community consultations to determine their reactions and suggestions t the
proposed plan will be carried out by NGOs.
OUTPUT 1.4
Finalisation of the long-term Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan will take place when all the
requisite information has been collected. Finalisation will therefore take place after Year 2
when sufficient data should have become available from the special studies (see Output 5).
Activity 1.4.1 From the biological, tourism and education data,
conservation areas v rill be selected to be
given National Park or other status as conservation areas, to ad to the
previously
identified areas at Nsumbu and Mahali. The criteria for determining
such areas and their
potential status will be established, e.g. degree of biodiversity,
accessibility, educational
value.
Activity 1.4.2 Instigate specific remedial actions to combat pollution
problems and identify those
particularly requiring international co-operation.
Activity 1.4.3 Harmonisation of measures to mitigate pollution and of
pollution regulation including the
convening of a workshop to recommend environmental standards for
the lake.
Activity 1.4.4 Draw up management measures for zones identified on lake.
Activity 1.4.5 A legislative framework enabling these to be implemented in
the four countries will be
drawn up (see Objective 2), once regulations and the various zone ,
including national
parks, within the lake have been finalised.
Activity 1.4.6 The tourism and pollution control considerations may
propose new infrastructure
requirements. These will be itemised and costed.
Activity 1.4.7 The major long-term impacts on the lake and the most likely
points at which those impacts
will have their effects, will be identified and quantified from the
reviews and special
studies
Activity 1.4.8 As proposals for final elements in the plan become available
these will be discussed with
local communities to assess which are acceptable, meaningful and
practical in the local
context.
Activity 1.4.9 Economic evaluation of costs and benefits of all potential
element s of the plan with
indications of annual budgetary requirements from government and
non-government
sources will be conducted, and plans refined accordingly.
Activity 1.4.10 Produce the final document of the Lake Tanganyika
Strategic Plan for environmental
management, following approval by the Steering Committee and
appropriate ministries.
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 2
Formulation of a regional legal framework for co-operative management of the lake
environment.
I
OUTPUT 2.1
Analysis of existing laws and recommendations for new legislation placed in an
international legislative framework.
Activity 2.1.1. Existing Iaws for the protection of the lake environment in the four
countries will b
reviewed .
Activity 2.1.2 Shortcomings in the implementation and enforcement of existing
legislation will b
identified .
Activity 2.1.3 A comparative analysis for discussion between the four countries with
the view of defining
compatible legislation will be prepared.
Activity 2.1.4. A basic framework of lake environment legislation for consideration
by the four countries
will be recommended.
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 3
Establish a programme of environmental education and training for Lake Tanganyika and
its basin.
OUTPUT 3.1
Increased environmental awareness and sensitivity among lakeside communities
concerning the fragility of Lake Tanganyika, the international nature of its problems and the
interdependence of people with the lake.
Activity 3.1.1 The regular contacts between the National Working Groups, intermediary
NGOs and lakeside communities (se Section B7) will provide regular
channels for two-way dissemination of information. In addition to
explanatory meetings, these regular contacts can be augmented with
extension-style techniques, e.g. simple posters, radio broadcasts and
possibly mobile videos.
Activity 3.1.2 The National Working Groups and NGOs will organise teachers groups
amongst local schools where appropriate ideas and material can be
disseminated.
Activity 3.1.3 Specific printed materials for use in communities and schools will be
produced early on in the project and refined as the planning process
proceeds.
OUTPUT 3.2
A cadre of trained environmental scientists and technicians to provide a core of expert se
for managing the biodiversity of the lake and protecting its watershed in the future will be
produced.
Activity 3.2.1 Establish an in-service training programme for technical staff to learn skills
relating to lake environmental management .
Activity 3.2.2. Provide library and teaching support to the national universities to help them
upgrade their programmes in aquatic conservation biology and limnology.
Activity 3.2.3 Provide fellowship support to post-graduate students working on project s
relating to the Lake Tanganyika environment, and train African women
scientists in aquatic sciences.
Activity 3.2.4 Provide on-the job training for new parks managers to take over operation of
the parks from project personnel.
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 4
Establish tested mechanisms for regional co-ordination in conservation management of the
Lake Tanganyika basin.
OUTPUT 4.1
Mechanisms for regional co-ordination will be introduced and developed.
Activity 4.1.1 Install an effective communication system, using radio and telephone /fax
technology as appropriate, linking the four national project centres, national
co-ordinators and project vessels.
Activity 4.1.2 Organise regular meetings of the international steering Committee and the
project Technical Committee, and make them an integral part of the
planning and management processes (see Section B7).
Activity 4.1.3 Prepare for approval by the steering, Committee recommendations on step s
to set up a system for co-ordinated management of the lake environment,
and arrange that this system continues as an effective organisation after the
project.
Activity 4.1 .4 Prepare and distribute to all concerned a Newsletter in French, English,
Kiswahili and any other appropriate local language.
Activity 4.1 .5 Carry out such other tasks within the approved budget, time-frame and
capacity of the project as may be authorised from time to time by the
steering Committee.
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 5
In order to produce a full Strategic Plan for long-term application, some specific studies
nee |d to be undertaken. These special studies will also add to the understanding of the lake
as a whole and, in some cases, provide the baseline and framework for long-term research
and monitoring programmes.
OUTPUT 5.1
Determination of the biological consequences of sediment discharge into Lake Tanganyika
caused by watershed deforestation and erosion.
Activity 5.1.1 Regular determination of the quantities of sediment brought into the lake by
the major rivers.
Activity 5.1.2 Satellite monitoring of lake-wide deforestation to establish the trends of
deforestation and sediment discharge with time and the seasonal peaks in
discharge into the lake.
Activity 5.1.3 Detailed analysis of the fate of transported sediment particles discharged into
the lake.
Activity 5.1.4 Detailed analysis of the impact of suspended and deposited sediment in the
lakes ecosystem.
Activity 5.1.5 Output to be added to Lake Tanganyika database/GIS system (see
Activity 1.2.4).
OUTPUT 5.2
Determination and the prediction of consequences of chemical pollution discharged from
land or boats.
Activity 5.2.1 Identification and quantification of existing sources of pollutants.
Activity 5.2.2 Detailed analysis an d modelling of lake circulation to determine the fate of
pollutant and sediment discharges and the identification of high risk portions
of the lake.
Activity 5.2.3 Output to be added to Lake Tanganyika database/GIS system (see Activity
1.2.4).
OUTPUT 5.3
Determination of patterns and structure of biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika with emphasis an
proposed national parks and other conservation areas.
Activity 5.3.1 Prepare inventories of species by geographic distribution and habitat and
estimate their relative abundances.
Activity 5.3.2 Determine various criteria for assessing diversity in each study area and
habitat.
Activity 5.3.3 Study the underlying causes of the extraordinary biodiversity in Lake
Tanganyika and their implications for conservation of the fauna.
Activity 5.3.4 Output to be added to Lake Tanganyika database/GIS system where
appropriate (see Activity 1.2.4).
OUTPUT 5.4
The damaging effects of exploitation on the fish of Lake Tanganyika will be investigated an
d recommendations made for their mitigation.
Activity 5.4.1 Estimate actual and potential impacts of commercial (purse-seining!) and
traditional (gill-netting and beach seining) fishing methods on the
biodiversity and stability of fish stocks.
Activity 5.4.2 Examine the numbers and species of fish taken by the ornamental fish trade.
Estimate the present and potential markets.
Activity 5.4.3 Evaluate the ecological impact on fishing, and other sources of exploitation,
throughout the natural community using computer-based models.
Activity 5.4.4 Identify and make recommendations on alternative fishing methods and
management strategies which would be less harmful to biodiversity than
those presently used, and encourage their trial investigation by international
projects, fisheries departments and directly by lakeside communities.
OUTPUT 5.5
Developments in other sector s within the lake basin intimately affects what happens to the
lake itself. A detailed examination of present and future plans in these other sectors needs
to be carried out so that they can be taken into account in 1 he Lake Tanganyika Strategic
Plan.
Activity 5.5.1 Collect all available sectoral plans and contact all ministries concerned with
agriculture, fisheries, forestry, urbanisation, industrialisation and planning in
general in each of the four partner countries. Synthesise the present and
future potential impacts on the lake from the various sectors.
OUTPUT 5.6
The prospects for the future the lake management may depend upon additional benefits
generated. The nature and direction of those benefits will be investigated and
recommendations made for their distribution.
Activity 5.6.1 A study on existing tourism potential around the lake should be carried out
looking at infrastructural and organisational requirements for the future in
the context of existing tourism networks with in each country.
Activity 5.6.2 The precise economic role of fishing for men and women at village level will
be examined along with the traditional patterns of these activities.
Activity 5.6.3 Enquiries should be made as to their awareness and expectations from the
lake and from the project itself. The community power structure should also
be described since any changes or exchange of in formation should be
effected through existing systems.
Activity 5.6.4 The possibility of other income generating activities, whether from tourism,
fishing skills, or other sources, should be examined.
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE 6
The implementation and sustainability of the Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan and
incorporated environmental
management proposals.
OUTPUT 6.1
Creation of long-term research and monitoring programmes.
Activity 6.1.1 From the results of the special studies, identify those areas in need of further
work to contribute to further understanding of the lake and its processes.
Activity 6.1.2 From the special studies and the final decisions on pollution regulations those
elements which will give a continuing picture of the impact of pollution in
the lake should be consolidated into an international monitoring program
which is able to be operated by the four partner countries themselves.
OUTPUT 6.2 I
Management plans will be drawn up for the development of four underwater reserves in
Lake Tanganyika for the protection of biodiversity, the conservation of commercial fish
nursery grounds and the enhancement of tourism.
Activity 6.2.1 Make ecological surveys of the proposed reserve areas.
Activity 6.2.2 Define and reconcile local socio-economic interests relating to the
establishment of the reserves.
Activity 6.2.3 Prepare recommendations for specific reserve boundaries, access by user type
and natural concessions.
Activity 6.2.4 Produce First Phase management plans for the underwater reserves.
OUTPUT 6.3
,
Establish and manage new underwater reserves with trained management.
Activity 6.3.1 Put in an experienced manager to set up and manage new reserve at Nsumbu
(Zambia) during project years to 3, together with trainee manager. 1
Activity 6.3.2 Put in experienced manager to set up and manage new reserve at Mail
(Tanzania) during project years: to 4, together with trainee manager.
Activity 6.3.3 From the experience of Nsumbu and Mahali and the zoning the zoning arid
conservation area recommendations of the Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan,
at least one further reserve will be selected, set up and managed within the
project, during years 3 to 5.
Activity 6.3.4 Develop community participation programs to ensure local benefit from and
encourage acceptance of reserves
Activity 6.3.5 Develop user facilities, such as underwater trails and interpretative displays.
Activity 6.3.6 Produce under water guidebooks for the reserves.
Activity 6.3.7 Convene a workshop to discuss the potential of Lake Tanganyika underwater
reserves for stimulating eco-tourism in the area.
Activity 6.3.8 Prepare detailed recommendations with budgeting for sustainable operation
of the underwater reserves.
Activity 6.3.9 Provide specialised advice and support for management of the reserves.
OUTPUT 6.4
Mechanisms for ensuring the involvement and co-operation of local people.
Activity 6.4.1 Local consultative groups and teachers groups formed during the produce will
be incorporate into local or national management groups for parks,
conservation areas or other zones.
Activity 6.4.2 All support in terms of material, visits and time should be given to teachers
and schools sine. the attitudes of the on-coming generations are the only
true hope for a sustainable future.
Activity 6.4.3 An analysis of the scale and distribution of any benefits will be carried out to
determine if the benefits are likely to reach the target group and to see if
any trade-offs are possible.
E. INPUTS
E.1 Inputs provided by Beneficiary Government
Each of the participating countries will designate an official representative to the project
Steering Committee who will be a senior official associated with environmental policy.
National Co-ordinators for project activities will also be provided, who will also attend
Steering Committee meetings. One graduate should be present as full-time counterpart
research officer in the corresponding field in each country during the project, as well as six
or more support staff. It is expected that at least three graduates and four technician will be
provided by each country for in-service and/or academic training during the project period.
Selection of trainees will be made in consultation with the implementation.
In addition, contributions in kind, will be made at the four proposed national lake centres, at
Bujumbura, Uvira, Kigoma and Nsumbu, in the form of office/laboratory buildings,
workshops, stores and harbour facilities. Housing will be made available, where such exists,
on a temporary basis for project staff and contractors.
E.2 UNDP Inputs
International staff:
Project Co-ordinator
(60 months)
Scientific Liaison Officer
(60 months)
Training Officer
(60 months)
Locally recruited staff:
Administrative Officer (60 months)
Senior Technical Officer
(60 months)
Bilingual Secretary
(60 months)
Documents Editor
(60 months)
Underwater Reserve Manager(3 x 24 months each = 72 months)
Reserve Manager trainees
(3 x 36 months each = 108 months)
Mechanic trainees
(2 x 60 months each = 120 months)
Boat trainees (2 x 60 months each = 120 months)
Contractual services: (see Annex V b and Work Plan)
Executing Agency
(60 months)
Lake Pollution Studies(42 months)
Environmental Audit Biodiversity Studies
(48 months)
I
Conservation Activities(54 months)
Equipment:
(see Annex V a)
Meetings and Workshops:
Quadri-partite Ministerial meeting Regular meetings of Steering and Technical Committees
International Workshop in State of the Lake" International Conferences in conservation and
Biodiversity"
Training Programmes:
Community Environmental Education In-service Training activities Assistance to national
universities Post-graduate fellowships
General Operating Costs:
Operation and maintenance
Miscellaneous supplies
Improvement of premises:
The four lakeshore national c entree will be established to implement the project work
programme and to provide a material basis for continuing activities.
F. RISKS
This is an unusual project sine e it involves four countries and many traditional sectors
working round a very large lake with difficult communications. These factors have been
taken into account in the preparation of this project document.
Social instability or lack of security is the major risk to the success of the project. It is
reasonable to hope that the security situation will improve all around the lake, but there is
some risk that periods of insecurity will occur which will impede the implementation on of
the project. Many of the activities have been designed to be implemented by nationals in
their own country, but some activities go across boundaries or are lakewide. Insecurity in
distant capitals may have only limited effect at the lake, but insecurity in project centres
could have a major impact on the progress of the project.
The achievements of the project would be diminished if the legislatures of the Lake
Tanganyika basin countries fail to move towards harmonising their natural resources
legislations regarding the lake; or if they fail to continue co-operation on the lake after the
project. The likelihood of these risks materialising will depend upon the extent to which the
countries perceive the interdependency of their interests in the basin land and water
resources. The vulnerability of the lake to pollution and the value of its highly diverse
unique fauna has become much better known. The activities the project should make these
factors even clearer, and increase the likelihood of harmonisation an continued co-
operation.
An additional risk is the effect of the low priority that the project may have in individual
national priorities at a time of budget restraint and cut-backs. This could affect counterpart
funds and availability. Additional problems may be caused by changes in foreign exchange
regimes and/or import restrictions. The need for special accounts has been foreseen but
other changes may occur which could affect the speed of implementation. In order to a.
assure high level commitment, it is recommended that the inaugural meeting of the
Steering Committee should be attended by Ministry heads so as to consolidate the
international consensus on this project. There will still be a risk, nevertheless, because this
GEF project address issues that are not or are unlikely to be addressed through normal
project prioritisation processes in each country.
A further risk is that pressure from donors for work in the field of environment is increasing to
such an extent that governments may be tempted to undertake more in the way of
commitments than they are likely to be able to maintain in the form of counterpart
contributions of staff and facilities. An important criterion of the GEF is that there should be
no duplication of effort with projects that are ongoing or can be otherwise funded. This also
may lead to a lower priority being placed on the GEF activities, resulting in shortfalls of
necessary contributions for this project.
G. PRIOR OBLIGATIONS AND PREREQUISITES
No actions or inputs from governments or non-governmental organisations involved in this
project are considered necessary as prerequisites. The signatures of the governments to this
document indicate their agreement to provide the counterpart support (specified in
Sections B and E above) required for project implementation.
H. PROJECT REVIEWS, REPORTING AND EVALUATION
The project will be subject to periodic review in accordance with the policies and
procedures established by
UNDP for monitoring project implementation.
Every six months the project Technical Committee will review technical progress on the
project with the
National Working Group. At the same time a GEF/UNDP Supervision Mission will be
mounted, led by the UNDP
Project Officer or representative of the executing agency. They will review overall
management progress and
achievement of targets within the project. The Technical Committee will advise the
Supervision Mission on
progress on technical issues. The supervision Mission will prepare an Aide Memoir
identifying new actions
needed, actions pending and actions completed, on each occasion. During the first year
the Technical
Committee and the Supervision Mission should be convened three times, once at project
inception, once to
consider the preliminary Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan at mid-year and once at the end
of year one to report
to the Steering Committee. The Mission and the Technical Committee should be convened
six-monthly
thereafter. The two groups should also consult with NGOs and local consultative groups.
The NGOs
themselves should be represented in the Technical and Steering Committees. These
structures are summarised
in the management bar chart and organogram given in Section B.7.
There will be a major review of the project at least once every twelve months, in which the
Supervision Mission and Technical Committee will report to the Steering Committee.
The project will prepare an Inception Report after three months, a draft preliminary
Strategic Plan after six months, a finalised Strategic plan after 23/2 years and a Final
Report at the end of 5 year g. These stages are summarised in the Activities bar chart shown
in Section B4.
I. LEGAL CONTEXT
This Project Document shall b the instrument referred to as such in Article 1 of the Standard
Basic Assistance Agreement between the United Nations Development Programme and the
Governments of the four countries:
·
Burundi (20.1 . 1 975),
·
Tanzania (30.5.1 978),
·
Zaire (26.5.1976) and
·
Zambia ( 14. 10.1 983).
J. BUDGETS
The overall project budget covering the UNDP contribution is given below. It is not
adjustable for inflation increases in fixed costs, an if there are such unavoidable increases
in certain project components they v have to be offset through decreases in other
components. The Steering Committee will provide guidance such changes.
The project will draw up administrative sub-budgets which will be maintained by the project
Co-ordinator monitor activities and performance within sectors of the project. Sub-budgets
will be maintained according to the UNDP accounting system.
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: WORK PLAN
The major components of the work plan and preliminary estimates of staff, equipment and
time scale are given below. Operation of the plan will be monitored by the Technical
Committee, and any substantial changes that may become necessary authorised . at the
discretion of the Steering Committee. The parts of the work plan that will be implemented
in the field by consultants will be closely co-ordinated and integrated by the project
Scientific Liaison Officer. The activities itemised in the Work Plan are summarised in the
Activities Chart in Section B.
I. REGIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN
A
Baseline Reviews
National Experts and/or Consultants will be appointed to compile and review all existing
information on biological aspects , water quality, lake hydrology, sectoral plans, institutional
capability and manpower availability over a three month inception period.
10 consultant months over l first 3 months of project.
B
Inception Report
1.
All reviews will be compiled into a report by Project Co-ordination unit
assisted by an environmental planner and environmental scientist.
2 Consultancy months during month 4.
2.
All compiled information will be entered into a flexible database which ca n
be extended with
time by data management specialist, and can be made the basis of a Lake Tanganyika
GIS.
3 Consultancy months during first year.
C
Draft Preliminary Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan
From the review data in the Inception Report the negative trends affecting the lake over
time can be characterised and the condition of the lake assessed. The major qualitative
and quantitative gaps in the understanding of the lake and the negative impacts can be
identified and vectored into special studies. Major zones in the lake can be categorised and
the staffing, training a and procurement requirements for the future identified, The planning
can be carried out by the Project Co-ordination unit and the National Co-ordinators with
assistance from an Environmental Planning consultant and an environmental scientists.
3 Consultant months within months 4-6.
11 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
A consultant will be recruited to carry out the review of existing laws pertaining to the lake
environment, and to make recommendations for a regional framework for consideration by
the four countries in the Final Plan.
4 consultant months in Year 3 .
lil SPECIAL STUDIES
These will be finalised when the preliminary Lake Tanganyika Strategic Plan for
environmental management Plan is compiled by month. They will commence soon
afterwards for up to 2 year, and the results will contribute to the Final Strategic Plan.
A
SEDIMENT DISCHARGE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
(a) Sediment Discharge
1
Lakewide deforestation and sediment plume survey, using remote
sensing (Satellite imagery
GIS). Every effort will be made to involve institutes in Africa in this
work. Historical analyst
of deforestation to start near the beginning of project (1 to 2 years
duration).
8 scientist months with continuation of work by a MSc student.
2
Quantification of volumes of sediment currently entering the lake
through major inflows.
3
Detailed sedimentation and sediment impact studies. The main
rationale for this study is the
sediment pollution is diminishing biodiversity in faunal communities
and may also be affecting
fish important for food production.
4
Tracing fate of particles discharged into the lake (vertical and
horizontal transport), using a
a case study discharges along the coast of Burundi. Lake monitoring
sites measuring quantity
of sediment discharged are to be established. Project will
concentrate on sediment entering
the water column around particular drainages, where several other,
agronomy-oriented project
(see Section \3) will supply useful complementary data. Several
monitoring sites will also be
located in rivers an river mouths. Additional study for comparative
purposes will be mad
at relatively undisturbed areas similar in geology and climate in
northern parts of Tanzania an
Zaire waters
.
18 scientist months plus 27 technician months.
(b)
Effect of Sediment on Biota
Water Column impacts: (implications for commercial fishery)
Comparative; analyses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and of fish communities showing
various degrees of impact a, different times of year; including effects of turbidity on
phytoplankton an zooplankton community structure and feeding, effects of turbidity on zoo
plankton-feeding fish and exclusion effects.
50 scientist months for plankton studies: 24 scientist months for fish studies.
(c)
Benthos Impacts (implications for biodiversity)
Faunal census and inventory along transects at selected high and low impact areas. Shore
cores to be taken from sediment polluted areas to establish historical timing, background
fluctuation and rates of reductions in biodiversity.
25 scientist months plus 27 technician months.
Several MSc and PhD students may work with this project section. Dive equipment,
elutriation tables, Van Veen dredge and cabling, gravity corer, Pb-210 dating. Main project
vessel (5 months), and one utility boat, a plank boat and a lift-net unit for duration of work
(shared between physical and biological study groups).
B.
POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS
1.
Identify existing and potential pollution sources, including sediments, and
where possible quantify type,
and levels of pollutant s. Lakewide investigation will include urban,
industrial and shipping sources, as
well as an enquiry into the implications of exploration and exploitation of oil
in tie basin.
To start in first year of project (after other sediment pollution results
completed): 43 scientist months
Main project vessel (4 months) + 1.5 years utility boat time. Water and
sediment analytical
equipment.
2
Circulation of Lake Waters. Lakewide investigation to model transport and
dispersal of pollutants, and
identify areas of special risk . Creation of simple computer model. Thermistor
monitoring chains and
current meters at stations; supplementary limnological measurements on
synoptic cruises,
meteorological data a: t shore and on lake stations.
Study to continue over 3-year period. 34 scientist/months (including
calibration, operation and analysis
time) + 28 technician /months. Main project vessel (8 Months) + 2.5 years
utility boat time. major
limnological equipment: - thermistor chains, currents meters and CTD
probes.
Data from programmes A and B will be utilised to review conclusions in
terms of state of the lake,
and to identify major existing and potential pollution processes requiring
specific remedial and
precautionary measures.
C.
BIODIVERSITY STUDIES
Because of the great size and complexity of the ecosystem it is not possible within the
scope of this project to evaluate biodiversity over the entire lake. Therefore a number of
representative study areas will be chosen. The criteria for these are accessibility, variety of
habitats, and potential for continuing long-term observations so that the areas studied can
be thoroughly understood. Reconnaissance inventories of the aquatic animals and plants
will be made to provide information necessary for planning the management of identified
reserves. In a second phase, after finalisation of the Strategic Plan, additional areas of
exceptional biodiversity will be identified and studied.
(a) Inventory of Species.
Inventories will be made by geographic distribution and habitat type, monitoring changes in
these over time. Procedures will include the following:
·
Analysis of existing fisheries data from a biodiversity viewpoint:
·
Diving (O - 40 m) transect censusing:
·
Remote sampling with nets, grabs and dredges over various bottom types (O -
250m)
·
Video records from submersible vessel (ROY) in same areas as nets etc.:
·
Quantitative replicate sampling, for relative abundances by habitat:
·
Long-term studies of movement and change in diversity patterns.
Exploratory investigations will continue at selected sites throughout the project.
(b) Indicators of Diversity
Various indicators will be determined, such as species richness, gradients in diversity, and
diversity with habitat (ecological). Their significance will be explored and compared with
ether lakes. The study will be based on results from Section A.
For (a) and (b): 90 scientist months; main project vessel as available + 1 utility boat and 2
plank boats full time: supplies, computer, curation.
(c)) Taxonomic Basis of Diversity
Co-ordinated morphometric, anatomical and molecular genetic studies of key hyper-
variable taxa, to understand the extent of diversification for management decisions on
conserving biodiversity. The investigation will include: analysis of phylogenetic
relationships of endemic taxa,, and mechanisms of speciation and evolution, and be partly
based on samples and data from (a) and (b) Timing: 6 scientist months, years 2 to 5 of
project.
D
FISHING PRACTICES AND BIODIVERSITY
Certain modern fishing methods, notably purse-seining and gill-netting using
powered vessels, have
drastically altered the fish stocks in certain areas of the lake and reduced
diversity . Some traditional
methods such as beach seines, and the use of very small mesh nets for
catching young sardines, are
probably also destructive. The pelagic, benthic and littoral fish communities
are closely linked
ecologically, so bad fishing practices in one of these affect the others. The
effect s of the ornamental
fish industry and sport fishing on the ecosystem are unknown.
(see Fishing Practices)
Alternative fishing methods . and management strategies which would be
less harmful to biodiversity
than those presently used, w ill be identified and recommended. The project
will evaluate the impacts
of these fishing methods on biodiversity and propose conservation strategies.
Proving of alternative
fishing methods involving experiment and training will not be addressed, but
the findings and
recommendations should guide and facilitate such work by fisheries projects.
The number of species
valuable to each year should be determined.
12 months fisheries biologist, t + 24 months technician time (year 1 - 2 of
project); main vessel (1
month), one utility vessel (6 months).
(b) Ornamental Fish Trade
The preferred target species and quantities of fish taken presently should be
determined and the
present and future market outlets examined. Potential threats to particular
species should be identified
for legislative action.
2 consultancy months In Year 1.
(c) Community Modelling
From the fisheries and community data available a simple community
model ca n be set up using
ECOPATH to assess the knock-on effects of fishing through the system.
3 consultancy months in Year 1
E
SOCIO-ECONOMIC /WD SECTORAL STUDIES
(a)
Tourism
A survey of all existing tourism facilities and networks related to Lake Tanganyika in each
country with recommendations on needs for infrastructure and organisation needed to
encourage tourism in the area.
6 consultancy months in Year 1
(b)
Socio economic appraisals
Socio-economic studies in representative lakeside communities to ascertain role of fishing
in the local economy, the pattern of fishing and the organisation of lakes) de communities
and their decision making structures. Public awareness of the project will al w be assessed.
4 consultancy months in Year 1-2.
(c)
Income generating studies
Investigation /f the possibility of other income generating activities along the lakeside.
2 consultancy months in Year 1-2.
(d)
Sectoral Appraisals
Since much of what happens to the lake depends upon what happens in other sectors, a
close study of all other sectors in each of the four countries needs to be made. This should
ascertain the most likely, developments in those sectors in respect of actions which will
affect the lake. All development plans should be evaluated, planning ministries contacted
and a liaison built up with sectoral ministries.
5 consultancy months in Years 1 and 2.
IV FINALISATION OF LAKE TANGANYIKA STRATEGIC PLAN
From the reviews and the special studies a definitive Strategic Plan for the integrated
environmental management plan of the lake can be formulated in Project Year 3. The
classification of conservation zones, pollution measures and regulations decided upon.
Management regimes for the lake zone can be outlined and proposed for tourism. Those
areas of research and monitoring which need to be continued can be identified.
A
Draft of Plan: This p tannin! 3 exercise will be conducted by the Project Co-
ordination Unit with the
National Co-ordinator. and the assistance of an environmental planner and
an environmental scientist,
plus any appropriate specialists required.
10 consultancy months in project year 3.
B
Economic appraisal of plan which costs out the various elements and
translate them into annual
bulletins requirements over a 10- year planning horizon. This will help to
strap the final plan.
2 consultancy month in project year 3.
V TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMME
Training and education are essential elements in the project. All technical programmes
carried out through contractors should have a built-in training component. Community
education will be undertaken to increase awareness of lake environmental problems and
solutions. Small workshops will be held. The project Training! Officer will supervise all
aspects of this programme which will be carried out at four levels, as follows:
A
Environmental Education at Community Level
The NGOs should open up channels of communication with the local communities through
their existing community structure. This should also act as a channel for educational
communication via regular meetings and the dissemination of information through
appropriate media. These channels may also be used for persuasion or extension if new
practices are recommended. budgetary provision is required for all NGO liaison, education
and extension activities. A particular target will be the schools and school teacher groups.
B
In-service Training
This will be effected primarily through the placement of employees of government
departments ant institutions in project elated activities, where they will work closely with
project staff and contractors The aim will be to strengthen the capacity of these
organisations. In addition, small workshops will be conducted primarily for such trainees for
discussion and exchange of information, and to ensure their understanding of all aspects of
the project.
C
Assistance to National Universities
This will be given according to the uniqueness of each university's needs.
Assistance will take the
form of library support (aquatic science books and journals), 1-year aquatic
biology courses with
emphasis on pollution and Conservation aspects (English and French), and
short courses at the level
of university staff and associated project scientists as required.
D
Fellowships for Post-graduate Trainees
Train 1 2 post-gradual students over the life of the project through a fellowship programme,
giving some preference to prior in-service trainees and encouraging the training of women
in aquatic sciences.
IMPLEMENTATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROJECT
A
Future Basin Organisation
In the final year of the project, arrangements will be put in place to continue its activities
without break or delay. A permanent organisation to represent the four lake countries in all
matters concerning pollution control and conservation of biodiversity will be planned. The
Steering committee will have special responsibility for this planning, and will work out
details and launch the necessary initiatives with the help of project sta. In addition, 7
months consultant time is dedicated to this.
B
Pollution Monitoring Programme
From the special studies and the decisions on pollution regulation the most appropriate
monitoring programme will be given in the Strategic Plan. The implementation of this
programme which follow on from the special studies can be initially assisted by GEF but
ultimately transferred to the national institutions.
6 consultancy months in year 4.
C
Economic Appraisal
The economic implications of the project at both village and national level need to be
ascertained., study in benefits, the sir distribution and beneficiaries will need to be
conducted together with the overall economic implications of the plan. In particular the
scale of benefits likely to reach those target groups which bear the main impact of the plan
needs to be ascertained.
2 consultancy months in year 4.
D
Ensuring Co-operation of Local Communities
The NGOs will have organised local consultative groups and also teachers groups and their
schools These can be incorporated into local management groups related to their local
conservation areas and management zones. These should have regular communication
with the NationaI Working Group an the National Co-ordinator.
E
Creating a Cross-Sectoral Planning Forum
As the lake management will interact with several sectors in each of the four partner
countries, a appropriate planning forum for the action of the Lake Tanganyika Strategic
Plan for environmental management should be located or created where possible. Most
probably access points are the planning ministries.
2 consultancy months in year 4.
F
Conservation Activities
Nsumbu and Mahali have already been identified as good sites for new reserves , Other
conservation areas will have been designated within the Strategic Plan. Reserves will
eventually be necessary for adequate conservation of the life of the lake. Not all underwater
reserves will be accessible to visitor because of safety (presence of crocodiles,
hippopotamuses), water depth, and conservation of breeding and nursery grounds.
Establishment of subsidiary lake and land use management areas bordering the reserves
may be desirable from considerations such as ecotone interfaces (buffer zones), extension
of carefully managed areas, and increase of tourist facilities. Recommendations will be
made concerning these. In the reserves there must be integration of various user interests
(e.g. traditional, commercial and sport fishing) along with conservation and the operation of
adjacent land parks. Development of the underwater parks should involve the participation
of local people for their benefit (income generating). The project will provide the main
expertise and equipment, as well as training, while the riparian governments have
counterpart obligations.
The objectives of the project are to help establish these underwater reserves, assist in their
initial management including a training of personnel, and promote the establishment of
further reserves by surveys and the biodiversity studies. Some informational material such as
guidebooks can also be prepared.
(i)
An experience d reserves manager to be installed for 2 years at
Nsumbu in Year 1, to set up
and manage reserve.
(ii)
An experienced reserves manager to be installed for 2 years at
Mahali in year 2 to set up and manage reserve along with trainee manager.
(iii)
At least one further reserve to be established during the project from
the analysis leading to
the production of the Strategic Plan.
(iv)
Preliminary ecological surveys of reserve areas. 9 Scientist months:
diving equipment, small
boats, necessary land transport. Co-operation of land park personnel wilI be required.
(v)
Socio-economic studies to define and reconcile different interests,
in consultation with local
people. 3 months consultancy.
(vi)
Management recommendations in a first phase management plan
including proposals for
reserve boundaries, access by user types and nature of concessions. 3 months consultancy:
initiation of these reserves will involve completing this phase in years 3 to 5 of the project.
ANNEX Vl: JOB DESCRIPTIONS
Project Co-ordinator
The Project Co-ordinator provides the leadership for the successful implementation and
completion of the project, within the framework of the project document. He/she is
responsible to the designated office at UNDP Headquarters, discharging his duties in
accordance with UNDP regulations and procedures. Specifically he/she is responsible for:
·
direction and supervision of the activities of project staff,
·
supervision and facilitation of the activities of contractors,
·
maintaining close working relationships between project staff,
contractors and national agencies,
·
administration of the Project and its finances,
·
appropriate use and safety of all project equipment,.
·
organisation of conferences and meetings,
·
preparation of such re ports and accounts as may be required.
He/she is Secretary of the Steering committee, and Chairman of the Technical Committee.
He/she will visit on a regular basis each of the project national centres to ensure satisfactory
progress, and also travel extensively in the region as necessary.
Desirable qualifications: 15 to 20 years experience of project management, involving
national officials and institutions, consultants and contractors, preferably in East Africa.
Proven ability to work effectively with United Nations and other donor agencies, scientists,
senior government officials and administrators in an international setting. Fluency in
English and French required, and Kiswahili fluency desirable.
Administrative Officer
The Administrative Officer is responsible to the Project Co-ordinator for administrative
aspects of the project. Specifically he/she v rill:
·
ensure the smooth operation of the project,
·
handle all routine personnel matters, |
·
assure the proper handling of accounting and finance,
·
arrange and facilitate travel for staff and visitors,
·
receive and dispatch supplies and equipment,
·
maintain close contact with the project centres; establish and monitor
project, administrative procedures at
each centre,
·
Iiaise closely with relevant UNDP offices in the region,
·
prepare all necessary statements of account and administrative reports as
required by the Project
Co-ordinator,
·
act as Secretary to the Technical Committee,
·
carry out such other tasks as may properly be assigned by the Project Co-
ordinator.
Desirable Qualifications: At least 10 years experience of complex project administration
involving
international and national agencies, officials and contractors. Accustomed to working with
United
Nations and other donor agencies, and with scientists, technicians, administrators and the
public in an
international setting. Fluency in English and French required, and in Kiswahili desirable ,
Required to
travel as necessary. .
Scientific Liaison Officer
The Scientific Liaison Officer provides the operational link in the field with the various
consultants serving the project. He/she will:
·
support and facilitate the implementation of scientific work,
·
ensure the smooth operation of scientific programmes at the four national
centres, and elsewhere on the lake
·
ensure the satisfactory involvement of
scientific counterpart staff with contracted activities,
·
supervise the selection, care, maintenance and allocation of scientific
equipment among project activities,
·
carry out such other t asks as may be properly assigned by the Project Co-
ordinator.
Desirable Qualifications: Graduate In natural or physical sciences with post graduate
degree associated with limnology. At least 10 years experience of research, preferably on
African waters. Accustomed to working with scientists, national officials and international
agency personnel, and having proven ability to develop good personal relationships and
work effectively with other scientists. Preference for field work, with strong practical
capability. Fluency in English and French, with Kiswahili desirable. Required to travel
frequently on the lake.
Training Officer
Responsible to the Project Co-ordinator for all aspects of the projects training and
education activities. In particular, he/she will facilitate and supervise, directly or in co-
operation with project and national scientific and technical officers and consultants, the
following:
·
environmental education at community level,
·
in-service training of a all kinds,
·
training workshops
·
courses and material assistance at the national universities,
·
support for post-graduate trainees through the fellowship programmer
·
support for women's involvement in the project,
·
preparation and distribution of Lake Tanganyika Newsletter,
·
such other tasks as properly assigned by Project Co-ordinator.
Desirable Qualifications: Graduate in natural or physical sciences, with long-standing
experience in communication skills and as a teacher specialising in environmental matters
Accustomed to working in Africa, with senior national officials, with teachers and
academics and with United Nations Agencies, Fluency in English and French required, with
Kiswahili desirable. Required to travel frequently.
Technical Officer
Responsible to the Project Co-ordinator for the proper maintenance and repair of all project
equipment. He/she will:
support and backstop the technical aspects of project activities, ensure the smooth
operation of technical and mechanical aspects of project activities at the four national
centres
assist, monitor and support the technical counterpart staff,
provide all reasonable assistance in technical matters to facilitate the work of consultants
and contractors,
carry out such other tasks as properly assigned by the Project Co-ordinator.
Desirable Qualifications: At least 10 years experience of responsibility for equipment
functioning in a scientific project or equivalent in an international setting in Africa.
Accustomed to working with United Nations officials, with national and international staff,
and with on-the-job training of counterparts and students. Ability to converse in English,
French and Kiswahili. Ability to operate under difficult field circumstances. Required to
travel frequently.
ANNEX Vll: FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL STAFF (National institutions and project)
A. Institutions
Each Government has agencies responsible for Fisheries which have local offices at or near
the lake. The Burundi Ministry of Land Management, Tourism and Environment (INECN) has
a Department of Fisheries which works closely with several international fisheries projects on
the lake. The Zambian Ministry of Agriculture has a Department of Fisheries which
maintains a Provincial Fisheries Officer at Mbala and offices at Mpulungu and Nsumbu.
Tanzania's Ministry includes the Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute which maintains a
regional office at Kigoma. The Government of Zaire has a Natural Sciences Research
Centre (CRSN) at Uvira, not far from Bujumbura, where the Hydrology Department is also
represented.
Responsibilities for Parks and Wildlife are fairly well established by the Governments, but
some changes in environmental Ministries a re being made at present. In Burundi, the
INECN is responsible for Parks and also for "Nature Conservation" . Parks is well staffed, and
the Rusizi National Park i. established at the lake, but there is no staff yet for nature
conservation. In Zambia, there is a Department of National Parks and Wildlife which is now
being put under the Ministry of Tourism. A park exists at Nsumbu. In Tanzania the National
Parks Service is parastatal (TANAPA) which comes under the Ministry of Tourism, Natural
Resources and Environment; based in Arusha, it is well established and already has two
parks at Gombe and Mahali beside the lake.
Pollution control, on the other hand, tends to be a newly recognised responsibility of the
governments. In Burundi, the INECN is responsible but has as yet no staff or regulations. In
Zambia, the Environmental Council has recently established units for Water Pollution
Control; Solid Waste Management; Air Pollution and Noise Abatement; Pesticides and
Toxic Substances; and Natural Resource Management. In Tanzania, the National
Environmental Management Council has a division for Pollution Prevention and Control but
they are still short-staffed.
The prevention of pollution through reduction of sedimentation from run-off and erosion of
cleared or tilled lands is the indirect responsibility of several agricultural, land management
and natural resources agencies. These have implicit responsibility to ensure sound
agricultural and forestry practices to minimise run-off, erosion an soil loss. However, these
agencies and activities tend to be dispersed though various ministries, departments and
councils.
The co-ordination of all externally financed development projects is the responsibility of
other Ministries, such as the Ministry of Planning in Burundi, the National Commission for
Development Planning in Zambia, and the Ministry c ,f Foreign Affairs in Tanzania. These
are the lead con facts for each Government for all development projects.
A very positive factor at present is that the Governments are in the process of working out a
new approach to management of their environments. Established Ministries are being
changed and new ones created; legislation is being revised and new acts and regulations
are being considered. Unfortunately the resources available for new initiatives are minimal
and there is some uncertainty about how the new arrangements will evolve.
The legislative situation is complex. In each country there are numerous acts covering
various activities that affect environment management. For example, in Zambia alone there
are 22 acts dealing with the environment; among the more important for the lake are:
·
The Tsetse Control Act (1941),
·
Water Act (19 49),
·
National Parks and Wildlife Act (1968),
·
Natural Resources Control Act (1970),
·
Forests Act (1 973),
·
Fisheries Act ( 1974),
·
Lands (Conversion of Titles) Act (1975), and
·
The Environment Protection and Pollution Control Act (1990).
Other countries have a similar situation with many old acts, some dating from colonial
times. All four countries have recently passed specific environmental legislation and are in
the process of planning and preparing regulations dealing specifically with various aspects
of environmental management and co-ordination. There is an opportunity to facilitate the
harmonisation of objectives and standards for the lake basin, so that major inconsistencies
can be avoided across borders.
The newly established environment agencies are typically understaffed and have much to
do. The testing period for them to undertake an effective role is just beginning. Their
responsibilities are broad, but their resources and operational capacities have yet to be built
up.
From a policy point of view also, new strategies are only now being developed.
Conservation has in the past been limited to certain agencies such as Parks, fighting a
sometimes losing battle against production-orientated agencies such as agriculture, forestry
and fisheries. Now a new realisation is taking root that maximum production may not be
sustainable (fish catches at the lake are down, and soil in the basin is being lost at alarming
rates). The concept of determining sustainable limits of resources and managing them
accordingly is gaining ground. It is also being shown that conservation can bring concrete
local benefits as well as meeting vaguer national conservation objectives. The new
agencies are beginning to play lead roles in these changing perspectives.
Universities, laboratories and research institutes also have an important part to play in the
project. The University of Burundi has been primarily a teaching university, but is now
developing a research capability with particular interest in working on Lake Tanganyika.
Other Burundi research agencies involved include the Department of Waters and Fish
(fisheries and hydrobiology research); REGIDESO (potable water analysis), the Ministry of
Health (waste water analysis, sanitation and waste disposal), and the Institute of Scientific
Agronomy (ISABU) (studies of erosion and mitigation strategies in the lake). Staff shortages
and lack of adequate funding often make effective utilisation of the facilities of these
agencies difficult.
In Zambia, the University has been focusing its research efforts on priority areas established
by Government but is now entering a new phase under the "Third Republic" when it will be
able to review its own research priorities. More attention may be paid to the lake by the
Biology Department in this case and it may play a role in the project. The National Council
for Scientific Research outside Lusaka may also have a role, and has certain laboratory
facilities and a small staff.
In Tanzania, the University of Dar-es-Salaam has an active biology department with an
interest in aquatic biology and experience on the lake in biology and pollution aspects. It
is anticipated this capability can be utilised and strengthened through the project.
Other laboratory facilities and institutional capabilities of relevance to Lake Tanganyika will
also be utilised and strengthened where feasible and appropriate, including those in Zaire
at Uvira. Existing laboratory and office facilities in each of the proposed four national
project centres will be upgraded to sustain additional operations. Training will be provided
for local staff in operations and procurement.
There are a large number of local and international NGOs in the four countries, but not
many are established at the lake shore. In Bujumbura there are a number of active NGOs,
among which Catholic Relief Services are prominent. Some 70 NGOs are registered in
Zambia, and in Tanzania a group of NGOs has been formed with 66 national and 6
international members. These are generally oriented towards direct support to people, but
several are being established with environmental objectives, particularly in the field of
education. Conservation of biodiversity is a fairly new concept, but a few NGOs are strong
in this area , such as the East African Wildlife Association, the World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF), and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with of offices in
Dar-es-Salaam and Lusaka.
NGOs offer an opportunity for reaching out to the poorest and most isolated people in ways
that are difficult for Government agencies to achieve from often distant capitals at times of
fiscal restraint. In particular, environmental equation should be a fruitful area for the
involvement of NGOs in the project. For example, a Zambian Environmental Education
Programme (ZEEP) is just getting underway, and a similar programme is planned in
Tanzania. Nearer the lake there is the community-based World Vision International which
has an office in Mbala.
In summary, there are numerous ministries and agencies with responsibilities for the
environment in the lake basin, many of them are being actively reviewed at present in the
light of an increased interest in environmental management and pollution control, so the
timing is good for supporting the process.
B. Project Management
Steering and Technical Committees:
Within this complex institutional framework, the project must incorporate the interests of the
senior development co-ordinating ministries, the environment ministries and councils, the
various natural resource sectoral agencies and the local interests of other agencies
representing people in the basin. Thus to ensure compatibility of objectives and outputs, a
project Steering Committee will be formed with the following terms of reference.
The Steering Committee will:
1.
provide overall direction of the project;
2.
review the progress of the project and the various national activities,
ensuring a regionally integrated
approach;
3.
advise on policy matters, and monitor the utilisation and availability of
counterpart staff;
4.
approve future planning, and make recommendations to UNDP and the
executing agency as to changes in
project timetables, inputs and budgets which
may be necessary from time to time;
5.
provide guidance and support to the Technical Committee and Project Co-
ordinator.
The Steering Committee wilI consist of members appointed by each country, from the
national Environmental Agency or ministry equivalent, preferably at Director General or
Permanent Secretary level, as well as the designated National Co-ordinators from each
country. Representatives of UNDP and of the executing agency will also be members.
Arrangement for persons who can contribute special expertise to become member. will be
made on an ad hoc basis. The Project Co-ordinator will serve as executive secretary to the
Committee which will meet at least once a year.
The mandate of the Project Technical Committee will include;
1.
general supervision of the implementation of the technical work program,
with periodic review and revision within the terms of the project document and budget;
2.
evaluating the technical work carried out by the project, drawing
conclusions and recommendations for appropriate further action, and reporting as required
to the Steering Committee;
3.
providing technical support and advice to the project.
The Committee will consist of the technical experts from the agencies actively involved in
the project; these are expected to be the Fisheries, Parks, Wildlife, Environment and
Pollution Control Departments from each country. Project staff and representatives of
contracting implementing agencies will be invited to meetings as appropriate to current
activities. The Project Co-ordinator will chair the Committee, which will meet at least twice
a year.
Document Outline
- Table of Contents
- Context
- Description of Sector
- Sectoral Strategies
- Prior and Ongoing Assistance in the Sector
- Institutional Framework for the Sub-sectors
- Project Justification
- Present Situation and Problems to be Addresses
- Situation Expected at End of Project
- Target Beneficiaries
- Project Strategy and Implementation Arrangements
- Reasons for Assistance from GEF
- Special Considerations
- Co-ordination Arrangements
- Counterpart Support
- Development Objective
- Immediate Objectives, Outputs, and Activities
- Immediate Objective 1
- Output 1.1
- Output 1.2
- Output 1.3
- Output 1.4
- Immediate Objective 2
- Immediate Objective 3
- Immediate Objective 4
- Immediate Objective 5
- Output 5.1
- Output 5.2
- Output 5.3
- Output 5.4
- Output 5.5
- Output 5.6
- Immediate Objective 6
- Output 6.1
- Output 6.2
- Output 6.3
- Output 6.4
- Inputs
- Inputs provided by Beneficiary Government
- UNDP inputs
- Risks
- Prior Obligations & Prerequisites
- Project Reviews, Reporting and Evaluation
- Legal Context
- Budgets
- Annexes